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SOFIMUN.org ---> Organs |
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What is Model UN? |
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Model United Nations, commonly known as MUN, is a
simulation of the United Nations. In this
simulation participants (students and young
professionals) take on the roles of foreign
diplomats and debate contemporary international
matters. Depending on the UN body he or she is
assigned to this can vary from a military crisis
or human rights abuses to climate change... |
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read
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Preparation for a Model UN |
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- How
to get prepared for a model UN?
- What
to do step-by-step?
- What
information do I need?
- From
where to gather information?
- What
is a position paper and how to right it?
- What
is a state fact-sheet?
- Why
do I need an opening speech? |
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read
more... |
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SOFIMUN organs |
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Topics |
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 Security
Council of the United Nations Organization
(English and Russian language)
The
Security Council has primary responsibility, under
the Charter, for the maintenance of international
peace and security. It is so organized as to be
able to function continuously, and a
representative of each of its members must be
present at all times at United Nations
Headquarters.
When a
threat against international peace is brought to
the attention of the Security Council, the council
first attempts to negotiate a settlement between
the disputing parties. The council may use its own
member delegations, refer the issue to discussion
in the General Assembly, or appoint the
Secretary-General, the head of the United Nations,
to act as mediator. It may set forth principles
for a peaceful settlement as well.
If no
peaceful agreement can be reached, and the
disputing factions use violence, intimidation, or
force, the Security Council can then enact policy
resolutions to solve the conflict or restore
peace. Sometimes this policy includes economic
sanctions such as trade embargoes or prohibitions
on governments borrowing from international funds.
Under the Security Council regulations, however,
humanitarian aid can never be withheld from any
nation or group of people. The Security Council
also reserves the right to recommend expulsion of
any UN member state in gross violation of the UN
charter and international law, though the
dismissal must be voted on and passed in the
General Assembly.
The
Security Council is the only United Nations
organization that can authorize military action
and maintain a military-trained peacekeeping
force. In violent international dispute, the
Security Council can send intervening peacekeeping
troops to secure areas in turmoil.
The
Security Council is further responsible for
overseeing compliance with international
agreements involving weapons, the rules of
engagement (conduct during war), the illegal
spread of nuclear technology, and other threats to
international peace. To enforce these treaties,
such as international agreements on nuclear
non-proliferation, the Security Council can
authorize UN-led inspections of a nation's
military arsenal. In addition, the Security
Council can order sanctions or authorize military
action.
More
at:
www.un.org/Docs/sc
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Topic
A
Women, peace and security |
Topic
B
The
increasing violence between Sudan and South Sudan |
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Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
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Synopsis
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Synopsis
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In
today’s changing world with some form of conflict
present in almost every region, there is a growing
belief that women and security issues are
inextricably interconnected. The strong link
between women, peace and security was recognized
through the adoption of the UN Security Council
resolution 1325 (2000). This represents one of the
most significant international binding documents
recognizing the different roles of women and girls
as vital agents in conflict and post-conflict
situations. It calls for both ensuring protection
of women who find themselves in armed conflict, as
well as for guaranteeing their full and equal
participation in all mechanisms for the prevention
and resolution of conflicts; planning and
implementation of disarmament, demobilization and
reintegration (DDR) policies; and peace building
initiatives. Four other important SC resolutions
followed: Resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009),
1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010), thus consolidating
the current international policy framework on
“Women, peace and security”. However,
accountability, implementation and action on the
ground remains imperfect, which is why
international community should make new efforts to
reduce the impact of conflict on women and girls
and incorporate a gender perspective in all
security sectors, as an essential step towards the
attainment of stability, peace, sustainable
development, and inclusive governance for all. |
Only a
year old, the newest state in the world - South
Sudan – is facing a wave of increasing violence
caused by the conflict with its Northern
neighbour, Sudan. In addition to the internal
crises due to the almost inexistent health care
system, the high rates of infant mortality, and
the famine, the country has to deal with the
dispute with Sudan. The violence along the common
border leads to thousands of people seeking
refuge. However, despite the calls of the UN and
the African Union to stop the fighting, peace
seems to be out of sight until at least the status
of the contested oil-rich region Abyei is
resolved. Still, the recent meetings of Sudan
President Omar al-Bashir and South Sudan President
Salva Kiir are an indication that the states are
trying to reach a ceasefire meeting the UN
deadline August 2. |
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UN Security Council
(15)
0 VACANT PLACES
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
(GREY color = taken)
(RED
color = requires experience)
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Azerbaijan |
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China |
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Colombia |
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France |
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Germany |
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Guatemala |
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India |
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Morocco |
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Pakistan |
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Portugal |
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Russian Federation |
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South Africa |
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Togo |
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United Kingdom |
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United States |
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 Human
Rights Council of the United Nations Organization
(English language)
The
United Nations Human Rights Council is created in
March, 2006 and is the successor to the United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was
often criticized for the high-profile positions it
gave to member states that did not guarantee the
human rights of their own citizens. The Council is
considered an international body within the United
Nations System and its purpose is to address human
rights violations.
The
Council assumes all the mechanisms, mandates,
functions and responsibilities of the Commission
for Human Rights. At the same time, it is tasked
with the review, rationalization and improvement
of these. This makes up the bulk of the Council’s
work in its first year.
Special
procedures" is the name given to the mechanisms
established by the former United Nations
Commission on Human Rights and continued by the
Human Rights Council to monitor human rights
violations in specific countries or examine global
human rights issues. Special procedures can be
either individuals who are leading experts in a
particular area of human rights, or working groups
usually composed of five members. In order to
preserve their independence they do not receive
pay for their work.
More
at:
www.un.org/rights
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Topic
A
Refugees in North African and Arab Nations |
Topic
B
The
treatment of indigenous peoples |
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Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
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Synopsis
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Synopsis
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Since
the start of the Arab Spring at the end of 2010,
hundreds of thousands of individuals fled Arab
countries mostly to neighboring North African
countries such as Algeria, Chad, Niger and Sudan.
In 2010 Colonel Kaddafi closed the UNHRC office in
Tripoli which led to people having to flee Libya
in the hundreds even before the start of the civil
war which lasted for over half a year. Reports
suggest that more than a million Libyans sought
refuge in those countries during the Libyan civil
war. Whilst Italy welcomed refugees from North
Africa at the start of the Arab Spring, it wasn’t
long before they closed their borders citing
incapacity to facilitate the amount of incoming
refugees after failed attempts to convince fellow
EU member states to share the burden of refugees.
As a result it became considerably more
troublesome to flee the North African and Arab
nations meaning that thousands of refugees have no
means to leave the unstable region. The UNHRC has
attempted taken measures to prevent human rights
violations of the refugees which have made the
situation more tolerable but obviously still a bit
too far from ideal. |
Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups that are
defined as indigenous according to one of the
various definitions of the term, there is no
universally accepted definition according to the
United Nations, but most of which carry
connotations of being the "original inhabitants"
of a territory. The rights of these communities is
generally theoretically enshrined in soft law, but
the difficulties in addressing this topic is
largely in dealing with applying the theories to
practical reality. Indigenous groups come up
against businesses and governments disputing that
the land and resources occupied, owned, or even
embodying these individuals could be utilised for
their own furtherment. The realisation of these
rights and protection of the cultures and
traditions of these peoples is an ongoing issue –
how far can we go to enshrine these rights? Who
are those that are affected? How can we
practically address the clauses in the UN
documents already? Or is this an issue that the UN
and Human Rights Council can only put forward a
guiding outline, a normative perspective? |
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UN
Human Rights Council
(27)
9 VACANT PLACES
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
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Argentina |
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Australia |
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Austria |
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Belarus |
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Belgium |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Bulgaria |
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Canada |
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Central African Republic |
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China |
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Cuba |
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Korea, DPR |
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Denmark |
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Ecuador |
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Egypt |
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France |
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Greece |
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India |
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Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
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Ireland |
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Israel |
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Jordan |
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Lebanon |
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Mexico |
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Morocco |
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United Kingdom |
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United States of America |
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 United
Nations Economic and Social Council
(English language)
ECOSOC was established under the United Nations
Charter as the principal organ to coordinate
economic, social, and related work of the 14 UN
specialized agencies, functional commissions and
five regional commissions. The Council also
receives reports from 11 UN fund and programs. Its
main responsibilities in accordance with article
55 of the UN Charter are promoting higher
standards of living, full employment, and economic
and social progress; identifying solutions to
international economic, social and health
problems; facilitating international cultural and
educational cooperation; and encouraging universal
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it
coordinates, ECOSOC’s functions include
information gathering, advising member nations,
and making recommendations. Moreover, ECOSOC is
well positioned to provide policy coherence and
coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s
subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it
is most active.
ECOSOC has 54 members, all of whom are elected by
the General Assembly for a three-year term. Each
member of ECOSOC has one vote, and decisions are
made by a simple majority of the members present
and voting.
More at:
http://www.un.org/ecosoc/
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Topic
A
Youth Unemployment |
Topic
B
Peacebuilding and Post-Conflict Recovery |
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Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
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Synopsis
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Synopsis
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According to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights “everyone has the right to work“, however,
the challenge our countries face is to establish
opportunities.
Unemployment has a severe negative impact not only
on economy, but on society as a whole. While youth
on the one hand are the hope and single most
important resource every society has, this human
resource will, on the other hand, open into a
destructive power when the society cannot provide
opportunities for them to develop and live a
decent life.
The opportunities are falling short as most of the
young people are stuck in low-wage, dead-end work,
regardless of having finished university. The
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
recently held a forum under the motto „Cearting a
Sustainable Future: Empowering Youth with a Better
Job Opportunities“, in which future programs for
amplifying economic and political empowerment to
especially help young people make the most out of
their potential were discussed. |
Refugee camps, famine, displacement, humanitarian
aid: wars continue harming nations long ever after
a military conflict has ended. The effects on
economy, environment and societal values are
unforseeable and hard to cope with, so that a
country will seldomly be capable of resolving
these issues on its own. During our conference,
ECOSOC is going to analyse how states can recover
economically from the conflicts and how the United
Nations can alleviate the sufferings of a
co-member and develop instruments for peacekeeping
and for securing stability. The primary concerns
of post-conflict regions are health care,
infrastructure, and the recuperation of the
destroyed industrial centres. Post-conflict
recovery includes activities seeking to strengthen
capacities for peace and to decrease the potential
for violent conflicts by strengthening governance
and the rule of law, training local leaders in
conflict resolution methodologies, demobilizing
and reintegrating soldiers, and developing local
economies. |
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United Nations Economic and Social Council
(27)
11 VACANT PLACE
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
(GREY color = taken)
(RED
color = requires experience)
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Argentina |
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Australia |
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Brazil |
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Bulgaria |
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Canada |
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China |
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Cuba |
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Ecuador |
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Egypt |
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France |
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Germany |
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India |
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Italy |
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Japan |
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Libya |
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Mexico |
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Mongolia |
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Netherlands |
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Nigeria |
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Pakistan |
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Qatar |
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Republic of Korea |
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Russian Federation |
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Spain |
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Turkey |
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United Kingdom |
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United States of America |
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 United
Nations Global Compact
(English language)
The UN Global Compact is a strategic policy
initiative for businesses that are committed to
aligning their operations and strategies with ten
universally accepted principles in the areas of
human rights, labour, environment and
anti-corruption. By doing so, business, as a
primary driver of globalization, can help ensure
that markets, commerce, technology and finance
advance in ways that benefit economies and
societies everywhere.
As social, political and economic challenges (and
opportunities) — whether occurring at home or in
other regions — affect business more than ever
before, many companies recognize the need to
collaborate and partner with governments, civil
society, labour and the United Nations.
This ever-increasing understanding is reflected in
the Global Compact's rapid growth. With over 8700
corporate participants and other stakeholders from
over 130 countries, it is the largest voluntary
corporate responsibility initiative in the world.
Endorsed by chief executives, the Global Compact
is a practical framework for the development,
implementation, and disclosure of sustainability
policies and practices, offering participants a
wide spectrum of workstreams, management tools and
resources — all designed to help advance
sustainable business models and markets.
More at:
http://www.unglobalcompact.org
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Topic
A
Transparency and accountability in global markets |
Topic
B
The
elimination of discrimination in respect of
employment and occupation |
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Synopsis
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Synopsis
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Transparency and Accountability are two of the
central pillars of good governance. Transparency
is also a necessary precondition for the exercise
of accountability since without access to clear,
accurate and up-to-date information, it is
impossible to judge whether the standard promised
has been met. The UNGC strives for the evolution
of these two categories in order to bring positive
change to the global markets and thus arrange the
local ones in a new order. |
Based
on race or colour, gender or sex, religion or
ethnical origin, disability, age or political
affiliation, discrimination in the workplace and
during the application procedures exists in many
countries. Having a negative effect on business
and social life, it could hurt a company's
reputation, when it restricts advancement to
certain groups or types of employees. According to
a report on discrimination at the workplace by the
International Labour Organization, “workplace
discrimination remains a persistent global
problem, with new, more subtle forms emerging“.
Inequalities suffered by discriminated groups
spread. Due to affirmative action policies, a new
middle class has been created that consists of
formerly discriminated people in some countries
but in others, people who are from discriminated
groups are frequently involved in the worst jobs,
denied benefits, capital, land, social protection,
training, or credit. Discrimination at a workplace
can lead to poverty as it creates a web of
poverty, forced and child labour and social
exclusion. Seeking to eliminate discrimination is
indispensable to any strategy for poverty
reduction and sustainable economic development,
which should be discessed among the members of the
United Nations Global Compact. |
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United Nations Global Compact (27)
7 VACANT PLACE
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
(GREY color = taken)
(RED
color = requires experience)
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Business group: 14 members |
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American Chamber of Commerce (AmCham Serbia)
(Serbia) |
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American International Chamber of Commerce (USA) |
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Association of Employment Agencies (SAZ) (Poland) |
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Bulgarian Industrial Association - Union of the
Bulgarian Business (Bulgaria) |
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Cairo Chamber of Commerce (Egypt) |
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China Entrepreneurs Union (China) |
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Hellenic Association of Chemical Industries
(Greece) |
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Iskenderun Rotary Club (Turkey) |
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JSC Foreign Trade Association - Rosneftegazexport
Russian Foreign Trade Association (Russia) |
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LIBAN (Lebanese International Businessmen Associations' Network) (Lebanon) |
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National Business Initiative - South Africa
(South Africa) |
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National Confederation of Employers of the
Republic of Moldova (Moldova) |
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SMS Latinoamerica (Argentina) |
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Young Entrepreneurs Association (Jordan) |
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Civil society group: 7 members |
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Amnesty International (UK) |
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Basel Institute on Governance (Switzerland) |
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Environmental Parliament (UK) |
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Global Development Research Center (GDRC) (Japan) |
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Global Network for Peace and Anti Corruption
Corruption Initiative (Nigeria) |
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Government To You (Gov2U) (Greece) |
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Human Rights First (USA) |
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Labour group: 4 members |
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International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine
and General Workers' Unions (ICEM) (Switzerland) |
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International Federation of Journalists (Belgium) |
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International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
(Belgium) |
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UNI Global Union (Switzerland) |
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United Nations group: 2 members |
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International Labour Organization (ILO)
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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
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 Council
of Ministers of the EU -
Economic and Financial Affairs Council
(English language)
The Economic and Financial Affairs Council is one
of the oldest configurations of the Council. It is
commonly known as the Ecofin Council, or simply "Ecofin"
and is composed of the Economics and Finance
Ministers of the Member States, as well as Budget
Ministers when budgetary issues are discussed. It
meets once a month.
The Ecofin Council covers EU policy in a number of
areas including: economic policy coordination,
economic surveillance, monitoring of Member
States' budgetary policy and public finances, the
euro (legal, practical and international aspects),
financial markets and capital movements and
economic relations with third countries. It
decides mainly by qualified majority, in
consultation or codecision with the European
Parliament, with the exception of fiscal matters
which are decided by unanimity. The Ecofin Council
also prepares and adopts every year, together with
the European Parliament, the budget of the
European Union which is about 100 billion euros.
The Eurogroup, composed of the Member States whose
currency is the euro, meets normally the day
before the Ecofin meeting and deals with issues
relating to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
It is an informal body which is not a
configuration of the Council. When the Ecofin
Council examines dossiers related to the euro and
EMU, the representatives of the Member States
whose currency is not the euro do not take part in
the vote of the Council.
More
at:
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showpage.aspx?id=250&lang=en
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Topic
A
Economical Feasibility of Accepting New Members in
the EU and the Monetary Union considering Current
Financial Climate |
Topic
B
Immigration as an economical tool to boost
financial stability and diversity |
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Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
Summary & Guide (Press the PDF icon) |
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Synopsis
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Synopsis
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The
short-term financial impact of the economic crisis
on EU enlargement is rather complex to assess yet.
Enlargement is no longer on the top of the EU
agenda. However, the long-term impact, mainly, the
will of current Member States to pay for poorer
members and other associated risks, is potentially
far more important. In addition, the results of
the Eurozone crisis further exacerbate concerns
about the future homogeneity of the EU and the
sustainability of solidarity as Member States face
serious financial and banking problems.
The
massive rescue packages to save the sinking
economies of Greece and other European countries
makes it very difficult to increase the EU budget
to finance the gradual convergence of acceding
countries. In addition, those countries hoping to
join the EU, they will all need big transfers from
the EU budget for their EU market integration
which will require major economic reforms and
legislative adjustments, as well as structural
ones, which also often bear substantial financial
costs. Furthermore, in the context of the economic
crisis, it is evident that the support of
Germany-the biggest economy and paymaster to the
EU budget will be very crucial to the enlargement
process.
Finally, taking into account the recent economic
meltdown and uncertain prospects of recovery, it
is legitimate to expect that the European Union
will not be as generous to future members as in
the past. It is quite possible that the gap
between the desired policy outcome-integrating the
candidate countries- and the lack of financial
means to achieve this, will open even further. |
The EU
immigration policy under development is of utmost
importance for the Union in order to take
advantage of the opportunities deriving from the
integration of non-EU nationals. Immigration
potentially constitutes an advantage and a source
of dynamism for the European economy. .
The EU aims to enhance economic opportunities and
integration measures, ensure equivalent rights and
treatment for non-EU nationals throughout the EU,
so as to alleviate the impact of demographic aging
and help Europe deal with labor and skill
shortages.
Recent projections suggest a natural decrease in
the EU population between 2010 and 2050. Assuming
zero net immigration, the EU's population would
decrease by 26 million by 2030 and by 50 million
by 2050. Barring immigration, by 2050, the working
age population (15-64 years old) in the EU would
decrease by 59 million, posing a major economic
challenge.
According to the European Commission, in 2010
there were 3.5 persons of working age (20-64) for
every person aged 65 or over, in 2060 ratio is
expected to be 1.7 to 1. It is therefore crucial
to ensure that migrants enjoy the same rights and
have the same responsibilities as EU citizens to
ensure the integration process that optimizes the
opportunities and resolves the challenges for all
involved-the immigrants, as well as the Union
itself. |
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Council of Ministers of the EU - Economic and
Financial Affairs Council
(27)
10 VACANT PLACES
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
(GREY color = taken)
(RED
color = requires experience)
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Austria |
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Belgium |
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Bulgaria |
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Cyprus |
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Czech Republic |
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Denmark |
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Estonia |
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Finland |
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France |
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Germany |
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Greece |
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Hungary |
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Ireland |
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Italy |
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Latvia |
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Lithuania |
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Luxemburg |
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Malta |
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Netherlands |
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Poland |
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Portugal |
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Romania |
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Slovakia |
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Slovenia |
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Spain |
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Sweden |
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United Kingdom |
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 SNN
- SOFIMUN
News Network (Official media body of SOFIMUN)
(English language)
The SNN is the official media body of the Sofia
International Model United Nations conference. The
media will be set up to keep all participants in
the conference informed about the latest events
and developments in the various forums and
lobbying areas.
The SNN media is part of the conference organs.
Achieving its aim to keep all SOFIMUN participants
up-to-date, the media will be launched entirely
via the internet with contant update, video
broadcasts – interviews, news, etc. Being
developed for three years already, SNN is
considered to be the most modern media in the
Model UN conferences world, offering to its team
the opportunity to experience every side of the
journalism work – both new and traditional media.
The purpose of SNN is to serve as central
information point on all important things that
happen on SOFIMUN. Its journalist team will be
selected through international application (same
as for the other SOFIMUN organs).
The
journalist team will broadcast the work of each
committee; pay specific attention to any delegate
and his work; write articles and take interviews
from participants during the conferece. Each
SOFIMUN organ will have journalists, carefully
following its work and broadcasting the latest
news on world issues that are of concern of the
bodies being represented at SOFIMUN. Therefore,
the SNN is the place where all of you wishing to
be active as journalist and are interested in the
media field can show what you've got!
You
will represent the strong voice and influence of
the medias in the modern world. What you write
constitutes the principal source of information on
the developments within the workshops at the
delegate’s disposal. It fundamentally influences
their decision-taking during the negotiations and
the sessions.
WHY BEING AT SNN?
Participation in SNN as a journalist offers you a
unique opportunity to act and work as a real
journalist - realistic insight into the work of a
journalist reporting on an international
conference, the possibility of deepening your
knowledge in journalism and a specific area of the
international relations, the opportunity of
meeting over 150 people from around the world
sharing your passion for journalism and world
affairs.
WHAT IS EXPECTED?
Being
a journalist also brings responsibilities, from
which among the most essential are: proficient
English, talented writing, fluent use of technical
devices (computer, camera), adoption of critical
approach without loosing accuracy, team-working
and flexibility.
You
can select which media you want to represent by
the SNN media list published on the right of this
text.
If you wan to take part in the SNN media, register
through our registration form. and mark "SNN
(SOFIMUN News Network)" in "Desired
organ" field.
More
at:
www.snn.sofimun.org
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SOFIMUN News Network
(14)
11 VACANT PLACES
Actors:
(GREEN color =
free)
(GREY color = taken)
(RED
color = requires experience)
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EURONEWS
European Union |
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AGENCIA EFE
Spain |
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AL ARABIYA
Dubai |
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ASSOCIATED PRESS
United States of America |
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AGENCE FRANCE – PRESSE
France |
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BULGARIAN TELEGRAPH AGENCY
Bulgaria |
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DEUTCHE WELLE
Germany |
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FRANKFURTER ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG
Germany |
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LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE
France |
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PEOPLE'S DAILY
China |
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RIA NOVOSTI
Russia |
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SNN PHOTO
SNN Photographer |
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THE ECONOMIST
United Kingdom |
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XINHUA
China |
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